- LIFE AS WE KNOW IT YOU AND ME FULL
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The introduction of a constant wasn't all that new or exciting at the time. Related: 10 mind-boggling things you should know about quantum physics He found that to develop the physics to explain the splitting of spectral lines, he had to introduce a new constant into his equations - a fine-structure constant.
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And one of the first people to take a crack at understanding this was physicist Arnold Sommerfeld.
LIFE AS WE KNOW IT YOU AND ME FULL
The full explanation for the "fine structure" of the spectral line rests in quantum field theory, a marriage of quantum mechanics and special relativity. Instead of just a single line, there were sometimes two very narrowly separated lines.
When electrons change levels, they can emit or absorb radiation, but that radiation will have exactly the energy difference between those two levels, and nothing else - hence the specific wavelengths and the spectral lines.īut in the early 20th century, physicists began to notice that some spectral lines were split, or had a "fine structure" (and now you can see where I'm going with this). An electron orbiting around a nucleus in an atom can't have just any energy it's restricted to specific energy levels. Those wavelengths are so specific because of quantum mechanics. What he really said: "No life as we know it.Atoms have a curious property: They can emit or absorb radiation of very specific wavelengths, called spectral lines. Mr Spock "It's life, Jim, but not as we know it." What he really said: "I don't think other people in the world would share the view that there is mounting chaos." James Callaghan, 1979 "Crisis? What crisis?" Collecting them is a fascinating exercise, and in a lot of cases it also gives the real authors their due." Ms Knowles, who introduced a misquotations section into the latest Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, said: "Again and again we see misquotations flourish because they catch the tone of a personality more than the original remark. The future King Edward VIII had newspaper subeditors to thank for his supposed sally on unemployment: "Something must be done."
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He said: "The opposition of events." This was changed to "events, dear boy, events", by someone whom Ms Knowles is still trying to track down.Ĭelebrity adaptors include Princess Diana, who changed Charles's TV aside from "Yes, whatever that may mean" to "Whatever 'in love' means". The Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan also features in the book, with his reported but in reality never made response when asked to name the greatest difficulty facing a PM. Ms Knowles said: "It's an example of a misquotation which sounds much more in keeping than the original." The full phrase was coined 21 years later by PG Wodehouse, in Psmith, Journalist, whose hero tacks on the remainder of the phrase. The nearest the fictional detective got to "elementary" was a single use of the word in one short story, The Crooked Man, published in 1894. Sherlock Holmes's trademark phrase is a key example in the collection, entitled What They Didn't Say, which Oxford University Press publishes this week.
Misquotations are much more interesting than mistakes." The fascination lies in how and why they were altered. Ms Knowles said: "The last thing we want is to be seen as clever clogs, saying that these quotes are wrong. The exposé, by Elizabeth Knowles, who edits the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, is not intended to debunk the fabrications but rather show how quotations, like language in general, can subtly alter. No one ever said "Beam me up Scotty", and Mr Spock never said "It's life Jim, but not as we know it." The list includes many supposedly historical lines, such as Napoleon's "Not tonight Josephine", but also covers modern icons including Star Trek. Hundreds of pithy remarks from "Let them eat cake" to "Elementary, my dear Watson", turn out to be adaptations of comments that were more clumsy or more boring - or which were never said by those thought to have coined them. Some of history's most famous one-liners are about to be exposed as inventions by other writers with plenty of time to hone their prose.
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